1. Capacitor

Capacitors are the most prevalent component on a circuit board after resistors, and they're also the first choice for PCB enthusiasts. We, on the other hand, utilize fewer capacitors than resistors. A capacitor's primary function is to store an electrical charge. A capacitor is made up of two metal plates separated by a dielectric. The two plates store opposite charges, and the dielectric serves to separate them. Current begins to flow through the circuit in this manner.

Capacitors are categorized in a variety of ways. Capacitors, on the other hand, are primarily classified based on their dielectric substance. This is because the dielectric material is what gives the capacitor its key qualities; the denser the dielectric material, the more charge the capacitor can store on its plates; this is why we prefer to use high-quality materials to produce capacitors. Two wires extend from a metal plate in a conventional capacitor. These wires are used to connect the capacitor to the circuit.

2. Resistor

Resistors are one of the most regularly used components on circuit boards, and most of us are familiar with their purpose; resistors are one of the most popular and relatively straightforward to use components on circuit boards. The current is flowing. As a result, resistors assist in the dissipation of electrical energy in the form of heat. Resistors are classed in a variety of ways, and they are frequently built of different materials since we employ different materials for different reasons.

The way the wires are drawn out is another way resistors differ, and the axial resistor is the most frequent form in this aspect. Axial resistors are popular among electronics enthusiasts, amateurs, and hobbyists due to their simplicity of integration into any circuit. Each resistor has rings around it that are a color code that indicate the resistance value of that particular resistor and also tells us about the resistor's probable tolerance.

3. Potentiometer

A potentiometer is essentially a more sophisticated version of a simple resistor. The resistance value of a simple resistor is set, whereas the resistance value of a potentiometer can be altered as needed. Potentiometers come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but the most popular are linear and rotary. The linear potentiometer's resistance can be changed by dragging the linear slider. You may vary the resistance of a rotary potentiometer by turning the knob. As the slider moves across the semicircular base resistance, the resistance changes.

We utilize rotary potentiometers in a variety of applications in our daily lives; one of the most prevalent is circular faders in music players and other audio equipment, where they control the amount of current delivered to the amplifier. When potentiometers are used in complex devices, fine-tuning is required to adjust their performance.

4. Inductor

Inductors are one of the three members of a circuit board's passive linear components, the other two being capacitors and resistors. Inductors are also used to store energy, but they do so by creating a magnetic field, whereas capacitors are used for stored energy. Static electricity is used to generate energy. There are many different types of inductors available, some of which are simple and others that are sophisticated. Metal coils, on the other hand, are the most common and easiest-to-understand inductors. The number of turns of a coil determines the magnetic field it can produce, hence the higher the number of turns, the higher the inductance.

Inductors are frequently twisted around cores of various shapes and sizes, the goal of which is to increase the magnetic field when current runs through the conductor, allowing us to filter entirely. Specific transmissions are blocked. This is extremely beneficial to us because it can be used for a variety of purposes, such as eliminating interference with communication equipment and extending battery life, among others.

5. Diode

 Diodes are one of the most significant components on a circuit board, and their primary function is to restrict current flow. Because current can flow from the positive terminal to the negative terminal and vice versa but not simultaneously, a diode can accomplish this by supplying infinite resistance in one direction and zero resistance in the other. So we can utilize this property to stop current flow in undesirable directions. One of the most common diodes is LED diodes (also known as light-emitting diodes), which we primarily use to emit light and are simple to solder. They must, however, be aligned appropriately, or the LEDs will not light up.

6. Transformer

Transformers are one of the most significant components on a circuit board; they are mostly used to transport electrical energy from one device to another, and the electrical energy rises or decreases as we transfer it via numerous configurations. Voltage commonly increases or decreases in this manner. Experts frequently consider voltage transformation. Transformers have a metal core, similar to that of typical inductors. There will always be a sequence of coils surrounding the metal core..at least two coils, one secondary and the other primary. The configuration through which the electrical energy will pass is referred to as the secondary coil.

We frequently see transformers on huge electric poles; these transformers are known as industrial transformers, and they are used to reduce the voltage that passes through the line; this reduction is usually in the hundreds of thousands, thus voltage variations are common in our daily job. Transformers are used in everyday life and in ordinary families.

7. Silicon controlled rectifier

Audiophiles adore them since they are an essential component of a circuit board. They're also known as thyristors because of their resemblance to diodes and transistors. They have four silicon layers and only three wires, according to some experts. They are not utilized as amplifiers, but solely as switches. They have four silicon layers and only three wires, according to some experts.

One of the most important things to remember is that while we only need one pulse to activate the switch, we must continuously send current to the transistor in order to pass the amplification. As a result, they're more suited to a wide range of switching power sources.

8. Transistor

Most electronics specialists consider transistors to be the fundamental building blocks of electronics; they are an important component of circuit boards, and a single integrated circuit can contain billions of transistors. We should not, however, approach them as sophisticated instruments. Instead, they're regular electrical switches and simple amplifiers, and transistors come in a variety of shapes and sizes, with the bipolar transistor being the most prevalent. PNP and  NPN  variations are two further kinds.

In a bipolar transistor, there are three pins. All that matters is that there is a collector and a publisher. When a small amount of current goes through an  NPN transistor, it flows from the base to the emitter, but this causes the current to increase. From the emitter to the collector, a bigger current flows.

PNP transistors, on the other hand, behave in the exact opposite way as NPN transistors.  FETs, or Field-Effect Transistors, are another form of transistor that is widely used. They allow electricity to pass through them while simultaneously activating another circuit established using an existing electric field.

9. Crystal oscillator

These are the most crucial circuit board components in complex devices, and we use them largely in clocks because they allow us to build critical circuits that allow us to retain accurate and stable time. They are made up of a piezoelectric body that generates a periodic electronic signal, which is essentially a crystalline substance that generates a signal as it oscillates, and we engineered them to be vibrationally stable. Because its vibrations correspond to precise frequencies, we may use them to create low-cost, high-accuracy watches. As a result, they're also used in other critical electronics like quartz watches and microcontrollers.

10. Integrated circuit

Integrated circuits are crucial components of circuit boards that are created by shrinking certain circuits and electronic components and then embedding them in a thin semiconductor film. They made it possible to pack a lot of electronic components into a single chip, allowing us to create the first calculators. As a result, we can now create cutting-edge smart devices and ground-breaking supercomputers. Integrated circuits are the brains of bigger circuits, acting as central processing units. Integrated circuits come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but the majority are housed in black plastic casings.

11. Switch and relay

Switches are the most basic components on a circuit board, but we often overlook their significance: switches allow us to control the current flow in any particular circuit, as well as move between closed and open circuits. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but the most typical are sliders, levers, keys, buttons, and rotary controls. Relays, on the other hand, are electronegativity switches. Solenoids are used in relays, and when electricity flows through them, the solenoid serves as a transient magnet. As a result, they function as switches and can improve a greater amount of current.

switch

Relay

12. Sensor

Sensors are circuit board components that can detect changes in their environment and provide a signal that reflects the change once recognized. Sensors transform physical energy into electrical energy and are commonly referred to as transducers since they send electrical signals to various components on the circuit board (because of their ability to convert energy into another energy).

Temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors, light sensors, and motion sensors are some of the more common sensors, and they all serve diverse purposes. We use LEDs to detect infrared signals in TV remotes, for example. They are fairly common and we use them a lot in our daily lives.